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Boudinaged quartz vein (with strain fringe) showing sinistral shear sense. Starlight Pit, Fortnum Gold Mine, Western Australia. Veins are common features in rocks and are evidence of fluid flow in fracture systems. [7] Veins provide information on stress, strain, pressure, temperature, fluid origin and fluid composition during their formation. [2]
Cartoon cross-section showing manto ore deposits (USGS) [1] A polymetallic replacement deposit, also known as carbonate replacement deposit or high-temperature carbonate-hosted Ag-Pb-Zn deposit, [2] is an orebody of metallic minerals formed by the replacement of sedimentary, usually carbonate rock, by metal-bearing solutions in the vicinity of igneous intrusions. [3]
Of the latter, the Coeur d'Alene district of northern Idaho was most prominent. [2] Australia is the world's leading producer of lead as of 2021, most of which is extracted as galena. Argentiferous galena was accidentally discovered at Glen Osmond in 1841, and additional deposits were discovered near Broken Hill in 1876 and at Mount Isa in 1923 ...
Modern mining processes involve prospecting for ore bodies, analysis of the profit potential of a proposed mine, extraction of the desired materials, and final reclamation or restoration of the land after the mine is closed. [2] Mining materials are often obtained from ore bodies, lodes, veins, seams, reefs, or placer deposits.
An ore shoot is a hypogenic mass that is deposited in veins within a planar channel or lode, found in a shear or fault zone, fissure or lithologic boundary. [1] The ore shoot is the area of concentration which contains a primary ore along the veins present in the rock, and consists of the most valuable part of the deposit. [2]
The underground Berkeley Mine was located on a prominent vein extending to the southeast from the main Anaconda vein system (sometimes called "the richest hill on earth" [7]). When open pit mining operations began in July 1955, near the Berkeley Mine shaft, the older mine gave its name to the pit. The open-pit style of mining superseded ...
Hydrothermal vein ore deposits consist of discrete veins or groups of closely spaced veins. Veins are believed to be precipitated by hydrothermal solutions travelling along discontinuities in a rockmass. [10] They are commonly epithermal in origin, that is to say they form at relatively high crustal levels and moderate to low temperatures.
The cave-in problem was solved by the method of square set timbering invented by Philip Deidesheimer, [2]: 23–24 a German mining engineer from San Francisco, who had been requested to survey the problem by the owners of the Ophir Mine. Previously, timber sets consisting of vertical members on either side of the diggings (ribs) capped by a ...