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  2. Lewis structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_structure

    Lewis structures – also called Lewis dot formulas, Lewis dot structures, electron dot structures, or Lewis electron dot structures (LEDs) – are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule, as well as the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule. [1][2][3] A Lewis structure can be drawn for any covalently bonded ...

  3. Gilbert N. Lewis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis

    Gilbert Newton Lewis ForMemRS [1] (October 23 [2][3][4] or October 25, 1875 – March 23, 1946) [1][5][6] was an American physical chemist and a dean of the college of chemistry at University of California, Berkeley. [3][7] Lewis was best known for his discovery of the covalent bond and his concept of electron pairs; his Lewis dot structures ...

  4. Carbon dioxide - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide

    Carbon dioxide is the lasing medium in a carbon-dioxide laser, which is one of the earliest type of lasers. Carbon dioxide can be used as a means of controlling the pH of swimming pools, [138] by continuously adding gas to the water, thus keeping the pH from rising. Among the advantages of this is the avoidance of handling (more hazardous) acids.

  5. Resonance (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance_(chemistry)

    Contributing structures of the carbonate ion. In chemistry, resonance, also called mesomerism, is a way of describing bonding in certain molecules or polyatomic ions by the combination of several contributing structures (or forms, [1] also variously known as resonance structures or canonical structures) into a resonance hybrid (or hybrid structure) in valence bond theory.

  6. Lewis number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_number

    Lewis number. In fluid dynamics and thermodynamics, the Lewis number (denoted Le) is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of thermal diffusivity to mass diffusivity. It is used to characterize fluid flows where there is simultaneous heat and mass transfer. The Lewis number puts the thickness of the thermal boundary layer in relation to ...

  7. Carbon dioxide (data page) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_(data_page)

    The table below gives thermodynamic data of liquid CO 2 in equilibrium with its vapor at various temperatures. Heat content data, heat of vaporization, and entropy values are relative to the liquid state at 0 °C temperature and 3483 kPa pressure. To convert heat values to joules per mole values, multiply by 44.095 g/mol.

  8. Carbon-dioxide laser - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-dioxide_laser

    The carbon-dioxide laser (CO2 laser) was one of the earliest gas lasers to be developed. It was invented by Kumar Patel of Bell Labs in 1964 [1] and is still one of the most useful types of laser. Carbon-dioxide lasers are the highest-power continuous-wave lasers that are currently available. They are also quite efficient: the ratio of output ...

  9. Electron pair - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_pair

    Electron pair. For electrons in a superconductor, see Cooper pair. In chemistry, an electron pair or Lewis pair consists of two electrons that occupy the same molecular orbital but have opposite spins. Gilbert N. Lewis introduced the concepts of both the electron pair and the covalent bond in a landmark paper he published in 1916. [ 1 ][ 2 ]