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The German minority population in Russia, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union stemmed from several sources and arrived in several waves. Since the second half of the 19th century, as a consequence of the Russification policies and compulsory military service in the Russian Empire, large groups of Germans from Russia emigrated to the Americas (mainly Canada, the United States, Brazil and Argentina ...
Approximately three million German prisoners of war were captured by the Soviet Union during World War II, most of them during the great advances of the Red Army in the last year of the war. The POWs were employed as forced labor in the Soviet wartime economy and post-war reconstruction. By 1950 almost all surviving POWs had been released, with ...
A total of 370,000 ethnic Germans from the USSR were deported to Poland by Germany during the war. In 1945 the Soviets found 280,000 of these resettlers in Soviet-held territory and returned them to the USSR; 90,000 became refugees in Germany after the war. [189] A refugee trek of Black Sea Germans during the Second World War in Hungary, July 1944
Richard Overy in The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia puts total number of German POWs captured by the USSR at 2,880,000 of whom 356,000 died. [54] However, in his Russia's War Richard Overy maintains that according to Russian sources 356,000 out of 2,388,000 POWs died in Soviet captivity. [55]
Volga Germans. The Volga Germans (German: Wolgadeutsche, pronounced [ˈvɔlɡaˌdɔɪ̯t͡ʃə] ⓘ; Russian: поволжские немцы, romanized: povolzhskiye nemtsy) are ethnic Germans who settled and historically lived along the Volga River in the region of southeastern European Russia around Saratov and close to Ukraine nearer to the ...
Kaliningrad question. The Kaliningrad question[a] is a political question concerning the status of Kaliningrad Oblast as an exclave of Russia, [1] and its isolation from the rest of the Baltic region following the 2004 enlargement of the European Union. [1]
Operation Keelhaul was a forced repatriation of Soviet citizens and members of the Soviet Army in the West to the Soviet Union (although it often included former soldiers of the Russian Empire or Russian Republic, who did not have Soviet citizenship) after World War II. While forced repatriation focused on Soviet Armed Forces POWs of Germany ...
Führer Directive 21. The Arkhangelsk–Astrakhan line, [nb 1][nb 2] or A–A line for short, was the military goal of Operation Barbarossa. It is also known as the Volga–Arkhangelsk line, [1] as well as (more rarely) the Volga–Arkhangelsk–Astrakhan line. [nb 3][2] It was first mentioned on 18 December 1940 in Führer Directive 21 (Fall ...