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A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher order chromatin structures. The complexity of the eukaryotic genome necessitates a great variety and complexity of gene expression control.
Interactions between bZIP transcription factors are numerous and complex [5] [6] [3] and play important roles in cancer development [7] in epithelial tissues, steroid hormone synthesis by cells of endocrine tissues, [8] factors affecting reproductive functions, [9] and several other phenomena that affect human health.
RNA polymerase, assisted by one or more general transcription factors, then selects a transcription start site in the transcription bubble, binds to an initiating NTP and an extending NTP (or a short RNA primer and an extending NTP) complementary to the transcription start site sequence, and catalyzes bond formation to yield an initial RNA product.
The transactivation domain or trans-activating domain (TAD) is a transcription factor scaffold domain which contains binding sites for other proteins such as transcription coregulators. These binding sites are frequently referred to as activation functions (AFs). [1] TADs are named after their amino acid composition.
The bursting phenomenon, as opposed to simple probabilistic models of transcription, can account for the high variability (see transcriptional noise) in gene expression occurring between cells in isogenic populations. This variability in turn can have tremendous consequences on cell behaviour, and must be mitigated or integrated.
Robert G. Roeder (born June 3, 1942, in Boonville, Indiana, United States) is an American biochemist.He is known as a pioneer scientist in eukaryotic transcription.He discovered three distinct nuclear RNA polymerases in 1969 [1] and characterized many proteins involved in the regulation of transcription, including basic transcription factors and the first mammalian gene-specific activator over ...
Translation promotes transcription elongation and regulates transcription termination. Functional coupling between transcription and translation is caused by direct physical interactions between the ribosome and RNA polymerase ("expressome complex"), ribosome-dependent changes to nascent mRNA secondary structure which affect RNA polymerase activity (e.g. "attenuation"), and ribosome-dependent ...
The E-box is one of the top five transcription factor families associated with the circadian phase and is found in most tissues. [19] A total of 320 E-box-controlled genes are found in the SCN ( suprachiasmatic nucleus ), liver , aorta , adrenal , WAT ( white adipose tissue ), brain , atria , ventricle , prefrontal cortex , skeletal muscle ...