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In nuclear physics, the Geiger–Nuttall law or Geiger–Nuttall rule relates the decay constant of a radioactive isotope with the energy of the alpha particles emitted. Roughly speaking, it states that short-lived isotopes emit more energetic alpha particles than long-lived ones.
In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, Hund's rules refers to a set of rules that German physicist Friedrich Hund formulated around 1925, which are used to determine the term symbol that corresponds to the ground state of a multi-electron atom. The first rule is especially important in chemistry, where it is often referred to simply as Hund's ...
Intel (IA-32) CPU speeds 1994–2005 – speed increases in recent years have seemed to slow with regard to percentage increase per year (available in PDF or PNG format) International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) A C|net FAQ about Moore's Law at archive.today (archived 2013-01-02)
The rule assumes the Russell–Saunders coupling and that interactions between spin magnetic moments can be ignored. The latter is an incorrect assumption for light atoms. As a result of this, the rule is optimally followed by atoms with medium atomic numbers. [4] The rule was first stated in 1923 by German-American physicist Alfred Landé. [1]
Secular equilibrium can occur in a radioactive decay chain only if the half-life of the daughter radionuclide B is much shorter than the half-life of the parent radionuclide A. In such a case, the decay rate of A and hence the production rate of B is approximately constant, because the half-life of A is very long compared to the time scales ...
Download as PDF; Printable version; ... Unsolved problem in physics: ... is an example of a fine-tuning problem in physics, ...
Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity is a rule based on observation of atomic spectra, which is used to predict the ground state of an atom or molecule with one or more open electronic shells. The rule states that for a given electron configuration , the lowest energy term is the one with the greatest value of spin multiplicity . [ 1 ]
The Yang–Mills existence and mass gap problem is an unsolved problem in mathematical physics and mathematics, and one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems defined by the Clay Mathematics Institute, which has offered a prize of $1,000,000 USD for its solution. The problem is phrased as follows: [1] Yang–Mills Existence and Mass Gap.