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The only chloroplast structure that can considered analogous to it is the internal thylakoid system. Even so, in terms of "in-out", the direction of chloroplast H + ion flow is in the opposite direction compared to oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria.
Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have a double-membrane envelope, called the chloroplast envelope, but unlike mitochondria, chloroplasts also have internal membrane structures called thylakoids. Furthermore, one or two additional membranes may enclose chloroplasts in organisms that underwent secondary endosymbiosis , such as the euglenids and ...
For example, 25 chloroplast genomes were sequenced for one molecular phylogenetic study. [1] The flowering plants are especially well represented in complete chloroplast genomes. As of January, 2017, all of their orders are represented except Commelinales, Picramniales, Huerteales, Escalloniales, Bruniales, and Paracryphiales.
Chloroplast DNA has long been thought to have a circular structure, but some evidence suggests that chloroplast DNA more commonly takes a linear shape. [12] Over 95% of the chloroplast DNA in corn chloroplasts has been observed to be in branched linear form rather than individual circles. [11]
For example, chloroplasts in plants and green algae have lost all phycobilisomes, the light harvesting complexes found in cyanobacteria, red algae and glaucophytes, but instead contain stroma and grana thylakoids. The glaucocystophycean plastid—in contrast to chloroplasts and rhodoplasts—is still surrounded by the remains of the ...
Chloroplasts can only be found in plants and algae, and they capture the sun's energy to make carbohydrates through photosynthesis. Diagram of the endomembrane system Endoplasmic reticulum : The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a transport network for molecules targeted for certain modifications and specific destinations, as compared to molecules ...
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Template: Chloroplast structure. 2 languages. ... 2 Chloroplast envelope. 2.1 Outer membrane. 2.2 Intermembrane space. 2.3 Inner membrane. 3 Thylakoid. 3.1 Thylakoid ...