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From 90-180 degrees it is the trapezius and the serratus anterior. Adduction is carried out by the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major and the subscapularis. Horizontal abduction and horizontal adduction of the shoulder (transverse plane) Medial and lateral rotation of the shoulder (also known as internal and external rotation).
External rotation of the shoulder with the arm at a 90-degree angle is an additional exercise done to increase control and range of motion of the Infraspinatus and Teres minor muscles. Various active exercises are done for an additional 3–6 weeks as progress is based on an individual case-by-case basis. [9]
Medial rotation of the arm [16] Medial rotation of the arm is most easily observed when the elbow is held at a 90-degree angle and the fingers are extended so they are parallel to the ground. Medial rotation occurs when the arm is rotated at the shoulder so that the fingers change from pointing straight forward to pointing across the body.
Shoulder reduction is the process of returning the shoulder to its normal position ... to 90 degrees and the forearm ... time full external rotation has been achieved
Shoulder motions to pull the ligament taut Humeral head motion to pull the ligament taut Superior glenohumeral lig. Full adduction Inferior or anterior glide Middle glenohumeral lig. External rotation Anterior glide Inferior glenohumeral lig. Anterior band Posterior band Abduction and external rotation Abduction and internal rotation Non specific
External rotation (lateral rotation or extorsion) is rotation away from the center of the body, [22] carried out by external rotators. Internal and external rotators make up the rotator cuff , a group of muscles that help to stabilize the shoulder joint .
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Localized pain on the anterior shoulder suggests subacromial impingement, whereas posterior shoulder pain suggests internal impingement. [45] For the diagnosis of full-thickness rotator cuff tear, the best combination appears to include once more the painful arc and weakness in external rotation, and in addition, the drop arm sign. [42]