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Two shatranj players in a detail from a Persian miniature painting of Bayasanghori Shahname made in 1430. Shatranj (Arabic: شطرنج, pronounced [ʃaˈtˤrandʒ]; from Middle Persian: چترنگ, chatrang) is an old form of chess, as played in the Sasanian Empire.
The oldest recorded game in chess history is a 10th-century game played between a historian from Baghdad and a pupil. [11] [non-tertiary source needed] A manuscript explaining the rules of the game, called "Matikan-i-chatrang" (the book of chess) in Middle Persian or Pahlavi, still exists. [33]
One set of rules for medieval circular chess is from the Persian author Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli's 'Treasury of the Sciences' (1325). In this version, called shatranj al-muddawara (circular chess) or shatranj ar-Rūmīya (Roman or Byzantine chess), the game uses a board with four concentric rings, each split into 16 spaces. The Board contains ...
c. 720 – Chess spreads across the Islamic world from Persia. c. 840 – Earliest surviving chess problems by Caliph Billah of Baghdad. c. 900 – Entry on Chess in the Chinese work Huan Kwai Lu ('Book of Marvels'). 997 – Versus de scachis is the earliest known work mentioning chess in Christian Western Europe. [2]
Chess set from Rajasthan, India Chaturanga ( Sanskrit : चतुरङ्ग , IAST : caturaṅga , pronounced [tɕɐtuˈɾɐŋɡɐ] ) is an ancient Indian strategy board game . It is first known from India around the seventh century AD.
The most authoritative book on chess history is the one by Murray, which I don't have. But based on A Short History of Chess by Davidson and Chess: A History by Golombek, the game that became modern chess went from India to Persia, where it underwent significant changes. But it didn't get close to modern chess until about 1500 in Europe.