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2. Luminous efficacy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_efficacy

   Luminous efficacy can be normalized by the maximum possible luminous efficacy to a dimensionless quantity called luminous efficiency.The distinction between efficacy and efficiency is not always carefully maintained in published sources, so it is not uncommon to see "efficiencies" expressed in lumens per watt, or "efficacies" expressed as a percentage.

3. Multifaceted reflector - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multifaceted_reflector

   Left to right: MR16 with GU10 base, MR16 with GU5.3 base, MR11 with GU4 or GZ4 base Line drawing of an LED MR16 lamp, with a heatsink rather than a reflector. A multifaceted reflector (often abbreviated MR) light bulb is a reflector housing format for halogen as well as some LED and fluorescent lamps.

4. Bi-pin lamp base - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-pin_lamp_base

   GU10: 7004-121-2: 10 mm: 5 mm Twist-lock 120/230-volt MR16 halogen lighting of 35/50 watt, since the mid-2000s. Also used for compact fluorescents and LED lamps. GZ10: 7004-120-1: 10 mm: Twist-lock 120/230-volt MR16 halogen lighting of 35/50 watt, differs from GU10 by use of a dichroic reflector. GZ10 fixtures can use GU10 bulbs, but not vice ...

5. Luminous intensity - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_intensity

   If a lamp has a 1 lumen bulb and the optics of the lamp are set up to focus the light evenly into a 1 steradian beam, then the beam would have a luminous intensity of 1 candela. If the optics were changed to concentrate the beam into 1/2 steradian then the source would have a luminous intensity of 2 candela.

6. LED lamp - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED_lamp

   As of 2010 some LED lamps replaced higher wattage bulbs; for example, one manufacturer claimed a 16-watt LED lamp was as bright as a 150 W halogen lamp. [71] A standard general-purpose incandescent bulb emits light at an efficacy of about 14 to 17 lm/W depending on its size and voltage. (Efficacy of incandescent lamps designed for 230 V ...

7. Fluorescent lamp - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp

   The efficacy of fluorescent tubes ranges from about 16 lumens per watt for a 4 watt tube with an ordinary ballast to over 100 lumens per watt [51] with a modern electronic ballast, commonly averaging 50 to 67 lm/W overall. [52] Ballast loss can be about 25% of the lamp power with magnetic ballasts, and around 10% with electronic ballasts.