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The hydraulic diameter, D H, is a commonly used term when handling flow in non-circular tubes and channels. Using this term, one can calculate many things in the same way as for a round tube. When the cross-section is uniform along the tube or channel length, it is defined as [1] [2] =, where
In those cases, the characteristic length is the diameter of the pipe or, in case of non-circular tubes, its hydraulic diameter : = Where is the cross-sectional area of the pipe and is its wetted perimeter. It is defined such that it reduces to a circular diameter of D for circular pipes.
To measure the diameter of a tree, the diameter tape (diameter side facing user) is wrapped around the tree, in the plane perpendicular to the axis of the trunk at 4.5 feet (1.4 m) above ground (or 4.27 feet (1.30 m), depending on the location) . Where the number "0" aligns with the rest of the tape, the diameter can be read directly from the ...
The hydraulic diameter is similarly defined as 4 times the cross-sectional area of a pipe A, divided by its "wetted" perimeter P. For a circular pipe of radius R, at full flow, this is = = as one would expect. This is equivalent to the above definition of the 2D mean diameter.
The length of line of the intersection of channel wetted surface with a cross sectional plane normal to the flow direction. The term wetted perimeter is common in civil engineering , environmental engineering , hydrology , geomorphology , and heat transfer applications; it is associated with the hydraulic diameter or hydraulic radius .
In this expression for Reynolds number, the characteristic length D is taken to be the hydraulic diameter of the pipe, which, for a cylindrical pipe flowing full, equals the inside diameter. In Figures 1 and 2 of friction factor versus Reynolds number, the regime Re < 2000 demonstrates laminar flow; the friction factor is well represented by ...
h f = head loss in meters (water) over the length of pipe; L = length of pipe in meters; Q = volumetric flow rate, m 3 /s (cubic meters per second) C = pipe roughness coefficient; d = inside pipe diameter, m (meters) Note: pressure drop can be computed from head loss as h f × the unit weight of water (e.g., 9810 N/m 3 at 4 deg C)
For channels of a given width, the hydraulic radius is greater for deeper channels. In wide rectangular channels, the hydraulic radius is approximated by the flow depth. The hydraulic radius is not half the hydraulic diameter as the name may suggest, but one quarter in the case of a full pipe. It is a function of the shape of the pipe, channel ...