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Waterfall plots are often used to show how two-dimensional phenomena change over time. [1] A three-dimensional spectral waterfall plot is a plot in which multiple curves of data, typically spectra, are displayed simultaneously. Typically the curves are staggered both across the screen and vertically, with "nearer" curves masking the ones behind.
When the data are represented in a 3D plot they may be called waterfall displays. Spectrograms are used extensively in the fields of music, linguistics, sonar, radar, speech processing, [1] seismology, ornithology, and others. Spectrograms of audio can be used to identify spoken words phonetically, and to analyse the various calls of animals.
A two-dimensional pink noise grayscale image, generated with a computer program; some fields observed in nature are characterized by a similar power spectrum [1] A 3D pink noise image, generated with a computer program, viewed as an animation in which each frame is a 2D slice
A Campbell diagram plot represents a system's response spectrum as a function of its oscillation regime. It is named for Wilfred Campbell, who introduced the concept. [1] [2] It is also called an interference diagram. [3]
The smoothed periodogram is sometimes referred to as a spectral plot. [11] [12] Periodogram-based techniques introduce small biases that are unacceptable in some applications. Other techniques that do not rely on periodograms are presented in the spectral density estimation article.
One then usually plots the changing spectra as a function of time, known as a spectrogram or waterfall plot, such as commonly used in software defined radio (SDR) based spectrum displays. Full bandwidth displays covering the whole range of an SDR commonly use fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) with 2^24 points on desktop computers. [citation needed]
Waterfall charts can be used for various types of quantitative analysis, ranging from inventory analysis to performance analysis. [4] Waterfall charts are also commonly used in financial analysis to display how a net value is arrived at through gains and losses over time or between actual and budgeted amounts. Changes in cash flows or income ...
Figure 2: Windowing a sinusoid causes spectral leakage, even if the sinusoid has an integer number of cycles within a rectangular window. The leakage is evident in the 2nd row, blue trace. It is the same amount as the red trace, which represents a slightly higher frequency that does not have an integer number of cycles.