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0.8–2 MPa 120–290 psi Pressure used in boilers of steam locomotives [citation needed] 1.1 MPa 162 psi Pressure of an average human bite [citation needed] 2.8–8.3 MPa 400–1,200 psi Pressure of carbon dioxide propellant in a paintball gun [64] 5 MPa 700 psi Water pressure of the output of a coin-operated car wash spray nozzle [58] 5 MPa ...
= in units of MPa, where HV is the Vickers hardness in N/mm 2 (or MPa) (i.e., 9.81 x numerical HV), P is the indentation load in N (typically 30 kgf is used) and T is the total crack length (mm) after application of the indenter.
The unit, named after Blaise Pascal, is an SI coherent derived unit defined as one newton per square metre (N/m 2). [1] It is also equivalent to 10 barye (10 Ba) in the CGS system. Common multiple units of the pascal are the hectopascal (1 hPa = 100 Pa), which is equal to one millibar , and the kilopascal (1 kPa = 1000 Pa), which is equal to ...
In the International System of Units (SI), the unit is the pascal (Pa) (or a multiple thereof, often megapascals (MPa), using the SI prefix mega); or, equivalently to pascals, newtons per square metre (N/m 2). A United States customary unit is pounds per square inch (lb/in 2 or psi). Kilopounds per square inch (ksi, or sometimes kpsi) is equal ...
The SI unit, pascal, is sometimes used instead: 1 kg f ⋅mm −2 = 9.80665 MPa. The test was developed by Frederick Knoop [2] and colleagues at the National Bureau of Standards (now NIST) of the United States in 1939, and is defined by the ASTM E384 standard.
Some locomotives received Walschaerts valve gear and were classified D7 (N-4-d and N-4-e) and D9 (N-4-c); two received Young valve gear and were classified D11 (N-4-f). All simpled locomotives had their boiler pressure reduced to 180 lbf/in 2 (1.241 MPa) Both GT and CN took some of these rebuilding efforts out of their original numerical sequence.
The newton (symbol: N) is the unit of force in the International System of Units (SI). Expressed in terms of SI base units , it is 1 kg⋅m/s 2 , the force that accelerates a mass of one kilogram at one metre per second squared.
The USRA 2-8-8-2's were designed with 25-by-32-inch (640 mm × 810 mm) high-pressure cylinders, 36-by-32-inch (910 mm × 810 mm) low-pressure cylinders, 57-inch (1,400 mm) diameter driving wheels, and a working boiler pressure of 240 psi (1.7 MPa), and they were able to generate a tractive effort of 106,000 lbf (471.51 kN) with compound expansion.