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Although refractometers are best known for measuring liquids, they are also used to measure gases and solids, such as glass and gemstones. The RI of a substance is strongly influenced by temperature and the wavelength of light used to measure it; therefore, care must be taken to control or compensate for temperature differences and wavelength.
Gemstone refractometers are available both as classic optical instruments and as electronic measurement devices with a digital display. [3] In marine aquarium keeping, a refractometer is used to measure the salinity and specific gravity of the water. In the automobile industry, a refractometer is used to measure the coolant concentration.
Multi-wavelength Abbe refractometers can be used to easily determine a sample's Abbe number. The most advanced instruments of today use solid-state Peltier effect devices to heat and cool the instrument and the sample, eliminating the need for an external water bath. The software on most of current instruments offers features such as ...
In the pulp and paper industry, inline process refractometers are used in the energy recovery from black liquor recovery boilers by accurately measuring solids in the black liquor. [4] In the food and beverage industry, inline process refractometers are used to measure dissolved solids, most often as sugar content, measured in degrees Brix.
A handheld refractometer used to measure the sugar content of fruits This type of device is commonly used in chemical laboratories for identification of substances and for quality control . Handheld variants are used in agriculture by, e.g., wine makers to determine sugar content in grape juice, and inline process refractometers are used in, e ...
He founded the social democratic Jenaische Zeitung (newspaper) in 1890 [14] and in 1900, introduced the eight-hour workday, in remembrance of the 14-hour workday of his own father. [8] In addition, he created a pension fund and a discharge compensation fund. [2] In 1889, Ernst Abbe set up and endowed the Carl Zeiss Foundation for research in ...
masses of ions, used to identify chemical substances through their mass spectra measuring cup: liquid and dry goods measuring cylinder: volume measuring spoon: a spoon used to measure an amount of an ingredient, either liquid or dry megger: electrical insulation mercury barometer: Atmospheric pressure micrometer: small distances multimeter
This is commonly achieved using a measurement of refractive index (refractometer) or the angle of rotation of polarization of optically active sugars (polarimeter). Saccharimeters are used in food processing industries, brewing, and the distilled alcoholic drinks industry.