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In fluid mechanics, pipe flow is a type of fluid flow within a closed conduit, such as a pipe, duct or tube. It is also called as Internal flow. [1] The other type of flow within a conduit is open channel flow. These two types of flow are similar in many ways, but differ in one important aspect.
In physics, a characteristic length is an important dimension that defines the scale of a physical system. Often, such a length is used as an input to a formula in order to predict some characteristics of the system, and it is usually required by the construction of a dimensionless quantity, in the general framework of dimensional analysis and in particular applications such as fluid mechanics.
Using ideal gas equation of state for constant temperature process (i.e., / is constant) and the conservation of mass flow rate (i.e., ˙ = is constant), the relation Qp = Q 1 p 1 = Q 2 p 2 can be obtained. Over a short section of the pipe, the gas flowing through the pipe can be assumed to be incompressible so that Poiseuille law can be used ...
The variations of Q/Q (full) and V/V (full) with H/D ratio is shown in figure(b).From the equation 5, maximum value of Q/Q (full) is found to be equal to 1.08 at H/D =0.94 which implies that maximum rate of discharge through a conduit is observed for a conduit partly full.
In fluid dynamics, the entrance length is the distance a flow travels after entering a pipe before the flow becomes fully developed. [1] Entrance length refers to the length of the entry region, the area following the pipe entrance where effects originating from the interior wall of the pipe propagate into the flow as an expanding boundary layer.
Process duct work may be round or rectangular. Although round duct work costs more to fabricate than rectangular duct work, it requires fewer stiffeners and is favored in many applications over rectangular ductwork. The air in process duct work may be at ambient conditions or may operate at up to 900 °F (482 °C).
The $1 billion in annual revenue from the tolls would help fund critical and long overdue improvements to the city’s bus and subway systems, which run 24/7 and move more than 4.5 million people ...
For shapes such as squares, rectangular or annular ducts where the height and width are comparable, the characteristic dimension for internal-flow situations is taken to be the hydraulic diameter, D H, defined as =, where A is the cross-sectional area, and P is the wetted perimeter.