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where A is the Hamaker coefficient, which is a constant (~10 −19 − 10 −20 J) that depends on the material properties (it can be positive or negative in sign depending on the intervening medium), and z is the center-to-center distance; i.e., the sum of R 1, R 2, and r (the distance between the surfaces): = + +.
Calculating the attractive or repulsive force between two magnets is, in the general case, a very complex operation, as it depends on the shape, magnetization, orientation and separation of the magnets. The magnetic pole model does depend on some knowledge of how the ‘magnetic charge’ is distributed over the magnetic poles.
A positive value of U is due to a repulsive force, so interacting particles are at higher energy levels as they get closer. A negative potential energy indicates a bound state (due to an attractive force). The Coulomb barrier increases with the atomic numbers (i.e. the number of protons) of the colliding nuclei:
Comparison between the Nuclear Force and the Coulomb Force. a – residual strong force (nuclear force), rapidly decreases to insignificance at distances beyond about 2.5 fm, b – at distances less than ~ 0.7 fm between nucleons centres the nuclear force becomes repulsive, c – coulomb repulsion force between two protons (over 3 fm, force becomes the main), d – equilibrium position for ...
The induced dipole forces appear from the induction (also termed polarization), which is the attractive interaction between a permanent multipole on one molecule with an induced (by the former di/multi-pole) 31 on another. [12] [13] [14] This interaction is called the Debye force, named after Peter J. W. Debye.
The stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding. [1] For many molecules , the sharing of electrons allows each atom to attain the equivalent of a full valence shell, corresponding to a stable electronic configuration.
Repulsive force may refer to: A repulsive force of an accelerating universe, which according to certain theories causes planets and matter to get further and further apart; Like charges repelling according to Coulomb's law; Repulsive force (magnetism) between magnets of opposite orientation
If k 2 is greater than one, F 2 − F 1 is a negative number; thus, the added inverse-cube force is attractive, as observed in the green planet of Figures 1–4 and 9. By contrast, if k 2 is less than one, F 2 − F 1 is a positive number; the added inverse-cube force is repulsive , as observed in the green planet of Figures 5 and 10, and in ...