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Refractometry is the analytical method of measuring substances' refractive index (one of their fundamental physical properties) in order to, for instance, assess their composition or purity. A refractometer is the instrument used to measure refractive index ("RI"). Although refractometers are best known for measuring liquids, they are also used ...
Refractometry [ edit ] Standard refractometers measure the extent of light refraction (as part of a refractive index) of transparent substances in either a liquid this is then used in order to identify a liquid sample, analyze the sample's purity, and determine the amount or concentration of dissolved substances within the sample.
[20] [a] The phase velocity is the speed at which the crests of the wave move and can be faster than the speed of light in vacuum, and thereby give a refractive index below 1. This can occur close to resonance frequencies , for absorbing media, in plasmas , and for X-rays .
Neodymium compounds are compounds formed by the lanthanide metal neodymium (Nd). In these compounds, neodymium generally exhibits the +3 oxidation state, such as NdCl 3, Nd 2 (SO 4) 3 and Nd(CH 3 COO) 3. Compounds with neodymium in the +2 oxidation state are also known, such as NdCl 2 and NdI 2. Some neodymium compounds have colors that vary ...
Ernst Abbe (1840–1905), working for Carl Zeiss AG in Jena, Germany in the late 19th century, was the first to develop a laboratory refractometer. These first instruments had built-in thermometers and required circulating water to control instrument and fluid temperatures.
The most general form of Cauchy's equation is = + + +,where n is the refractive index, λ is the wavelength, A, B, C, etc., are coefficients that can be determined for a material by fitting the equation to measured refractive indices at known wavelengths.
146 Nd has been suggested for the production of 147 Pm, which is a source of radioactive power. Several neodymium isotopes have been used for the production of other promethium isotopes. The decay from 147 Sm (t 1/2 = 1.06 × 10 11 y) to the stable 143 Nd allows for samarium–neodymium dating. [27] 150 Nd has also been used to study double ...
North Dakota 20 in Devils Lake, August 2013. Starting at US 52 in downtown Jamestown, ND 20 follows 4th Street NE until 5th Avenue NE, then curves onto 13th Street NE until 12th Avenue NE where ND 20 follows 12th Avenue out of Jamestown. 21.3 miles away from the intersection, ND 20 turns right onto ND 9 and continues for about six miles before turning off in Courtenay and running for 16.8 ...