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Spaced repetition. In the Leitner system, correctly answered cards are advanced to the next, less frequent box, while incorrectly answered cards return to the first box for more aggressive review and repetition. Spaced repetition is an evidence-based learning technique that is usually performed with flashcards.
The testing effect (also known as retrieval practice, active recall, practice testing, or test-enhanced learning) [1][2][3] suggests long-term memory is increased when part of the learning period is devoted to retrieving information from memory. [4] It is different from the more general practice effect, defined in the APA Dictionary of ...
Interdependence theory is a social exchange theory that states that interpersonal relationships are defined through interpersonal interdependence, which is "the process by which interacting people influence one another's experiences" [1] (Van Lange & Balliet, 2014, p. 65). The most basic principle of the theory is encapsulated in the equation I ...
Proportionality bias. The proportionality bias, also known as major event/major cause heuristic, is the tendency to assume that big events have big causes. It is a type of cognitive bias and plays an important role in people's tendency to accept conspiracy theories. [1][2] Academic psychologist Rob Brotherton summarises it as "When something ...
Engram (neuropsychology) An engram is a unit of cognitive information imprinted in a physical substance, theorized to be the means by which memories are stored [1] as biophysical or biochemical [2] changes in the brain or other biological tissue, in response to external stimuli. Demonstrating the existence of, and the exact mechanism and ...
The Levels of Processing model, created by Fergus I. M. Craik and Robert S. Lockhart in 1972, describes memory recall of stimuli as a function of the depth of mental processing. More analysis produce more elaborate and stronger memory than lower levels of processing. Depth of processing falls on a shallow to deep continuum. [citation needed]
The Principles of Psychology is an 1890 book about psychology by William James, an American philosopher and psychologist who trained to be a physician before going into psychology. The four key concepts in James' book are: stream of consciousness (his most famous psychological metaphor); emotion (later known as the James–Lange theory); habit ...
Prototype theory is a theory of categorization in cognitive science, particularly in psychology and cognitive linguistics, in which there is a graded degree of belonging to a conceptual category, and some members are more central than others. It emerged in 1971 with the work of psychologist Eleanor Rosch, and it has been described as a ...