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The denier (/ d ə ˈ n ɪər /; Latin: denarius, Italian: denaro, Greek: δηνάριο, romanized: dinario; abbr. d. ) or penny was a medieval coin which takes its name from the Frankish coin first issued in the late seventh century; [ 1 ] in English it is sometimes referred to as a silver penny.
Carolingian denarius (Denier) The Carolingian monetary system, also called the Carolingian coinage system [1] or just the Carolingian system, [2] was a currency structure introduced by Charlemagne in the late 8th century as part of a major reform, the effects of which subsequently dominated much of Europe, including Britain, for centuries.
Since coins in Europe in the Middle Ages and the early modern period (the French écu, Louis, teston d'argent, denier, double, franc; the Spanish doubloon, pistole, real; the Italian florin, ducat or sequin; the German and Austrian thaler; the Dutch gulden, etc.) did not have any indication of their value, their official value was determined by ...
Rome, Florence, and Venice followed with coins of denominations greater than a penny, and late in the 12th century Venice minted a silver coin equal to 24 pennies. By the mid-13th century Florence and Genoa were minting gold coins, effectively ending the reign of the silver penny (denier, denarius) as the only circulating coin in Europe. 785: Penny
the denier (copper coin) denominated in 3 and 6 denier units valued at 1 ⁄ 4 and 1 ⁄ 2 sou respectively (the three denier coin was also called a liard). However a coin of 1₶. was not minted. Yet in 1720 a special coin minted in pure silver was produced and assigned a token value of 1₶.
This coin featured types taken from a denier minted by Grimoald III more than half a century earlier; in the latter denier the monogram on the obverse consisted of the letters forming Grimoald's name. On the reverse of Grimoald's denier the cross was set aside by the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet (Α and ω). [27] [28]
French denier (penny), a type of medieval coin; Denier (unit), a unit of linear mass density of fibers; Denier, Pas-de-Calais, France, a commune; The Deniers, a 2008 book by Canadian environmentalist Lawrence Solomon
In heraldry, a roundel of a gold colour is referred to as a bezant, in reference to the coin.Like many heraldic charges, the bezant originated during the crusading era, when Western European knights first came into contact with Byzantine gold coins, and were perhaps struck with their fine quality and purity.