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  2. Wide and narrow data - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_and_narrow_data

    Many statistical and data processing systems have functions to convert between these two presentations, for instance the R programming language has several packages such as the tidyr package. The pandas package in Python implements this operation as "melt" function which converts a wide table to a narrow one. The process of converting a narrow ...

  3. Table (database) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(database)

    In a database, a table is a collection of related data organized in table format; consisting of columns and rows.. In relational databases, and flat file databases, a table is a set of data elements (values) using a model of vertical columns (identifiable by name) and horizontal rows, the cell being the unit where a row and column intersect. [1]

  4. Comma-separated values - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values

    Comma-separated values (CSV) is a text file format that uses commas to separate values, and newlines to separate records. A CSV file stores tabular data (numbers and text) in plain text, where each line of the file typically represents one data record.

  5. Data type - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_type

    The standard type hierarchy of Python 3. In computer science and computer programming, a data type (or simply type) is a collection or grouping of data values, usually specified by a set of possible values, a set of allowed operations on these values, and/or a representation of these values as machine types. [1]

  6. Python (programming language) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)

    Python 3.13 introduces some change in behavior, i.e. new "well-defined semantics", fixing bugs (plus many removals of deprecated classes, functions and methods, and removed some of the C API and outdated modules): "The [old] implementation of locals() and frame.f_locals is slow, inconsistent and buggy [and it] has many corner cases and oddities ...

  7. Object (computer science) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(computer_science)

    In software development, an object is an entity that has state, behavior, and identity. [1]: 78 An object can model some part of reality or can be an invention of the design process whose collaborations with other such objects serve as the mechanisms that provide some higher-level behavior.

  8. Data structure alignment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_structure_alignment

    By changing the ordering of members in a structure, it is possible to change the amount of padding required to maintain alignment. For example, if members are sorted by descending alignment requirements a minimal amount of padding is required. The minimal amount of padding required is always less than the largest alignment in the structure.

  9. Panel data - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_data

    Another way to structure panel data would be the wide format where one row represents one observational unit for all points in time (for the example, the wide format would have only two (first example) or three (second example) rows of data with additional columns for each time-varying variable (income, age).