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C# extends the number of them to six, [2] while Java has four access modifiers, but three keywords for this purpose. In Java, having no keyword before defaults to the package-private modifier. When the class is declared as public, it is accessible to other classes defined in the same package as well as those defined in other packages.
Encapsulation is a means of information hiding. [2] Layered designs in information systems are another embodiment of separation of concerns (e.g., presentation layer, business logic layer, data access layer, persistence layer). [3] Separation of concerns results in more degrees of freedom for some aspect of the program's design, deployment, or ...
Essentially, encapsulation prevents external code from being concerned with the internal workings of an object. Encapsulation allows developers to present a consistent interface that is independent of its internal implementation. As one example, encapsulation can be used to hide the values or state of a structured data object inside a class.
For example, if a three-dimensional point (x, y, z) is represented in a program with three floating-point scalar variables and later, the representation is changed to a single array variable of size three, a module designed with information hiding in mind would protect the remainder of the program from such a change.
C# (/ ˌ s iː ˈ ʃ ɑːr p / see SHARP) [b] is a general-purpose high-level programming language supporting multiple paradigms. C# encompasses static typing, [16]: 4 strong typing, lexically scoped, imperative, declarative, functional, generic, [16]: 22 object-oriented (class-based), and component-oriented programming disciplines. [17]
In computer science, a mutator method is a method used to control changes to a variable. They are also widely known as setter methods. Often a setter is accompanied by a getter, which returns the value of the private member variable.
In object-oriented programming, a class defines the shared aspects of objects created from the class. The capabilities of a class differ between programming languages, but generally the shared aspects consist of state and behavior that are each either associated with a particular object or with all objects of that class. [1] [2]
A friend function is declared by the class that is granting access, so friend functions are part of the class interface, like methods. Friend functions allow alternative syntax to use objects, for instance f(x) instead of x.f(), or g(x,y) instead of x.g(y). Friend functions have the same implications on encapsulation as methods.