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Dopamine, sold under the brand name Intropin among others, is a medication most commonly used in the treatment of very low blood pressure, a slow heart rate that is causing symptoms, and, if epinephrine is not available, cardiac arrest. [4] In newborn babies it continues to be the preferred treatment for very low blood pressure. [5]
A dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI) is a class of drug which acts as a reuptake inhibitor of the monoamine neurotransmitter dopamine by blocking the action of the dopamine transporter (DAT). Reuptake inhibition is achieved when extracellular dopamine not absorbed by the postsynaptic neuron is blocked from re-entering the presynaptic neuron.
Dopamine receptor flow chart. Dopamine receptors are all G protein–coupled receptors, and are divided into two classes based on which G-protein they are coupled to. [1] The D 1-like class of dopamine receptors is coupled to Gα s/olf and stimulates adenylate cyclase production, whereas the D 2-like class is coupled to Gα i/o and thus inhibits adenylate cyclase production.
Dopaminergic stimulants can be addictive in high doses, but some are used at lower doses to treat ADHD. Dopamine itself is available as a manufactured medication for intravenous injection. It is useful in the treatment of severe heart failure or cardiogenic shock. [12] In newborn babies it may be used for hypotension and septic shock. [13]
Treatment in the initial state aims to attain an optimal tradeoff between good management of symptoms and side effects resulting from enhancement of dopaminergic function. The start of L-DOPA treatment may be delayed by using other medications such as MAO-B inhibitors and dopamine agonists, in the hope of delaying the onset of dyskinesias. [3]
These motor fluctuations occur in up to 80% of PD patients after 5–10 years of l-DOPA treatment, [2] with the percentage of affected patients increasing over time. [3] Based on the relationship with levodopa dosing, dyskinesia most commonly occurs at the time of peak l-DOPA plasma concentrations and is thus referred to as peak-dose dyskinesia ...
Rapidly decreasing the dose of levodopa can result in neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Clinicians try to avoid these side effects and adverse reactions by limiting levodopa doses as much as possible until absolutely necessary. Metabolites of dopamine, such as DOPAL, are known to be dopaminergic neurotoxins.
Brexpiprazole, sold under the brand name Rexulti among others, is an atypical antipsychotic medication used for the treatment of major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and agitation associated with dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. [11] [13] [14] The most common side effects include akathisia (a constant urge to move) and weight gain. [12]