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Annonamine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Annona muricata [1] (commonly known as soursop, graviola, guanabana, paw-paw and sirsak), a plant commonly used in folk medicine by indigenous communities in Africa and South America. [2] Structurally, it contains an aporphine core featuring a quaternary ammonium group.
Annonacin is a disabling and potentially lethal neurotoxin. [4] [5] [6] Like other acetogenins, it is a mitochondrial complex I (NADH-dehydrogenase) inhibitor. [5]As NADH-dehydrogenase is responsible for the conversion of NADH to NAD+ as well as the establishment of a proton gradient in the mitochondria, annonacin disables the ability of a cell to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation ...
A. muricata flower. Soursop (also called graviola, guyabano, and in Latin America guanábana) is the fruit of Annona muricata, a broadleaf, flowering, evergreen tree. [4] [5] It is native to the tropical regions of the Americas and the Caribbean and is widely propagated. [5]
The acetogenin compounds, which occur in the fruit, seeds, and leaves of many Annonaceae, including soursop (Annona muricata), are neurotoxins and seem to be the cause of a neurodegenerative disease. The disorder is a so-called tauopathy associated with a pathologic accumulation of tau protein in the brain.
Annona squamosa is a small, semi-(or late) deciduous, [10] much-branched shrub or small tree 3 to 8 metres (10 to 26 feet) tall [7] [10] similar to soursop (Annona muricata). [11] It is native of tropical climate in the Americas and West Indies, and Spanish traders aboard the Manila galleons docking in the Philippines brought it to Asia. [12]
Annona or Anona (from Taíno annon) is a genus of flowering plants in the pawpaw/sugar apple family, Annonaceae.It is the second largest genus in the family after Guatteria, [3] containing approximately 166 [4] species of mostly Neotropical and Afrotropical trees and shrubs.
The tree is similar to Annona muricata, but has a more spreading crown and glossy leaves. It is slightly hardier and bears fruit throughout the year. [9] It tolerates brief temperature drops down to 24 °F (−4 °C) when full grown. [10] Its pollen is shed as permanent tetrads. [11]
Papaya extract Carica papaya: Warfarin Damage to GI tract mucous membranes [3] Kava: kava-kava Piper methysticum: Sedatives, sleeping pills, antipsychotics, alcohol [15] Milkvetch: Astragalus: Astragalus may interact with medications that suppress the immune system, such as cyclophosphamide. [24] It may also affect blood sugar levels and blood ...