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Civil War Texas: A History and a Guide. Texas State Historical Association. ISBN 0-87611-171-1. Wooster Ralph A. (2015). Lone Star Blue and Gray: Essays on Texas in the Civil War. Texas State Historical Association. ISBN 978-1-62511-025-1. Wooster Ralph A. (1995). Texas and Texans in the Civil War. Eakin Press. ISBN 1-57168-042-X.
The American Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces opened fire on the Union-held Fort Sumter. Fort Sumter is located in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. [47] Its status had been contentious for months. Outgoing President Buchanan had dithered in reinforcing its garrison, commanded by Major Robert Anderson.
The attack began April 12, 1861, and continued until Anderson, badly outnumbered and outgunned, surrendered the fort on April 14. The battle began the American Civil War, as an overwhelming demand for war swept both the North and South, with only Kentucky attempting to remain neutral. [178]
Towers, Frank. "Partisans, New History, and Modernization: The Historiography of the Civil War's Causes, 1861–2011." Journal of the Civil War Era 1.2 (2011): 237-264. online; Woods, Michael E. "What twenty-first-century historians have said about the causes of disunion: A Civil war sesquicentennial review of the recent literature."
In the many decades between the Revolutionary War and the Civil War, such divisions became increasingly irreconcilable and contentious. [1] Events in the 1850s culminated with the election of the anti-slavery Republican Abraham Lincoln as president on November 6, 1860.
Wartime map of Galveston. When the American Civil War began in April 1861, President of the United States Abraham Lincoln declared a naval blockade of the coastline and ports of the Confederate States of America, with the goal of cutting the Confederates off from foreign trade.
A. R. Roessler's Latest Map of the State of Texas, 1874. During the American Civil War, Texas had joined the Confederate States.The Confederacy was defeated, and U.S. Army soldiers arrived in Texas on June 19, 1865 to take possession of the state, restore order, and enforce the emancipation of slaves.
The secession of Texas from the United States or the continued existence of the Republic of Texas has featured in some works of fiction, often set during a Second American Revolution or a Second American Civil War and, occasionally, in tandem with American Civil War alternate histories: