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Liquidated damages, also referred to as liquidated and ascertained damages (LADs), [1] are damages whose amount the parties designate during the formation of a contract [2] for the injured party to collect as compensation upon a specific breach (e.g., late performance). [3] This is most applicable where the damages are intangible.
The amount of statutory damages can be set on a per-incident basis, such as in the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, which gives statutory damages of up to $1,000 for a violation of its provisions. [2] Amounts could also be set per day, as in acts proscribing human-rights violations which might specify damages of $1,000 per day. [3]
Under common law, a liquidated damages clause will not be enforced if the purpose of the term is solely to punish a breach (in this case it is termed penal damages). [23] The clause will be enforceable if it involves a genuine attempt to quantify a loss in advance and is a good faith estimate of economic loss.
Failing to meet this condition would turn liquidated damages into an unenforceable penalty that inequitably benefits the party receiving liquidated awards. [8] Statutory damages; In certain cases, a statute dictates the amount of damages, rather than the calculation of the harm or loss endured by the plaintiff.
Other than pecuniary damages, which is the most common type of damages recovered, there are a few other recognizable types of damages under English law, and still others that have their validity subject to ongoing debate: Injured feelings and disappointment; Injured reputation; Speculative damages; Liquidated damages and penalty; Quantum meruit [4]
This type of damage is simple to calculate where it would cost as much as the loss of the injured party and in return giving back the exact service. [6] Calculating for the compensation or the money of the loss for the non-breaching party is easy. Compensatory damages is a fixed amount of compensation.
Penal damages are liquidated damages which exceed reasonable compensatory damages, making them invalid under common law.While liquidated damage clauses set a pre-agreed value on the expected loss to one party if the other party were to breach the contract, penal damages go further and seek to penalise the breaching party beyond the reasonable losses from the breach. [1]
In United States law, treble damages is a term that indicates that a statute permits a court to triple the amount of the actual/compensatory damages to be awarded to a prevailing plaintiff. Treble damages are usually a multiple of, rather than an addition to, actual damages, but on occasion they are additive, as in California Civil Code § 1719.