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An animation of a frequency divider implemented with D flip-flops, counting from 0 to 7 in binary For power-of-2 integer division, a simple binary counter can be used, clocked by the input signal. The least-significant output bit alternates at 1/2 the rate of the input clock, the next bit at 1/4 the rate, the third bit at 1/8 the rate, etc.
For periodic waves in nondispersive media (that is, media in which the wave speed is independent of frequency), frequency has an inverse relationship to the wavelength, λ . Even in dispersive media, the frequency f of a sinusoidal wave is equal to the phase velocity v of the wave divided by the wavelength λ of the wave: f = v λ ...
In analog quartz clocks and wristwatches, the electric pulse-per-second output is nearly always transferred to a Lavet-type stepping motor that converts the electronic input pulses from the flip-flops counting unit into mechanical output that can be used to move hands. Each flip-flop decreases the frequency by a factor of 2
A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of simple two-state [1] [2] [3] devices such as relaxation oscillators, timers, latches and flip-flops.The first multivibrator circuit, the astable multivibrator oscillator, was invented by Henri Abraham and Eugene Bloch during World War I.
dual 4-bit edge-triggered D flip-flops with set, inverting outputs three-state 24 SN74ALS876A: 74x877 1 8-bit universal transceiver port controller three-state 24 SN74AS877: 74x878 2 dual 4-bit D-type flip-flop, synchronous clear, non-inverting outputs three-state 24 SN74ALS878: 74x879 2 dual 4-bit D-type flip-flop, synchronous clear, inverting ...
When cascading flip-flops which share the same clock (as in a shift register), it is important to ensure that the t CO of a preceding flip-flop is longer than the hold time (t h) of the following flip-flop, so data present at the input of the succeeding flip-flop is properly "shifted in" following the active edge of the clock.
For example, a wavenumber in inverse centimeters can be converted to a frequency expressed in the unit gigahertz by multiplying by 29.979 2458 cm/ns (the speed of light, in centimeters per nanosecond); [5] conversely, an electromagnetic wave at 29.9792458 GHz has a wavelength of 1 cm in free space.
A phase-locked loop or phase lock loop (PLL) is a control system that generates an output signal whose phase is fixed relative to the phase of an input signal. Keeping the input and output phase in lockstep also implies keeping the input and output frequencies the same, thus a phase-locked loop can also track an input frequency.