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Textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament) has included study of its textual variants. Although the Masoretic Text (MT) counts as the authoritative form of the Hebrew Bible according to Rabbinic Judaism , modern scholars seeking to understand the history of the Hebrew Bible use a range of sources. [ 1 ]
Leningrad/Petrograd Codex text sample, portions of Exodus 15:21-16:3. A Hebrew Bible manuscript is a handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) made on papyrus, parchment, or paper, and written in the Hebrew language (some of the biblical text and notations may be in Aramaic).
Christians eventually called these new scriptures the "New Testament" and began referring to the Septuagint as the "Old Testament". [42] The New Testament has been preserved in more manuscripts than any other ancient work. [43] [44] Most early Christian copyists were not trained scribes. [45]
This running list of textual variants is nonexhaustive, and is continually being updated in accordance with the modern critical publications of the Greek New Testament — United Bible Societies' Fifth Revised Edition (UBS5) published in 2014, Novum Testamentum Graece: Nestle-Aland 28th Revised Edition of the Greek New Testament (NA28) published in 2012, and Novum Testamentum Graecum: Editio ...
His verse divisions in the New Testament were far longer than those known today. [19] The Parisian printer Robert Estienne created another numbering in his 1551 edition of the Greek New Testament, [20] which was also used in his 1553 publication of the Bible in French. Estienne's system of division was widely adopted, and it is this system ...
The Old Testament is entirely rejected by some forms of Gnosticism, but the Hebrew Bible was adhered to even more tightly by Jewish Christians than Gentile Christians. The term protocanonical is often used to contrast these books to the deuterocanonical books or apocrypha , which "were sometimes doubted" [ 1 ] by some in the early church , and ...
Old Testament refers to the various Christian canons of the Hebrew Bible, in Judaism also known as Tanakh. See Category:Hebrew Bible for topics that are common to Judaism and Christianity. Also included under the categorization of "Old Testament" are the deuterocanonical books of the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons.
New Testament manuscripts in Greek can be categorized into five theoretical groups, [1] according to a schema introduced in 1981 by Kurt and Barbara Aland in The Text of the New Testament. [2] The categories are based on how each manuscript relates to the various theorized text-types.