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Multiplication table problem. For each positive integer , let () be the number of distinct integers in an multiplication table. In 1960, [5] Erdős ...
The oldest known multiplication tables were used by the Babylonians about 4000 years ago. [2] However, they used a base of 60. [2] The oldest known tables using a base of 10 are the Chinese decimal multiplication table on bamboo strips dating to about 305 BC, during China's Warring States period. [2] "Table of Pythagoras" on Napier's bones [3]
Integer multiplication respects the congruence classes, that is, a ≡ a' and b ≡ b' (mod n) implies ab ≡ a'b' (mod n). This implies that the multiplication is associative, commutative, and that the class of 1 is the unique multiplicative identity. Finally, given a, the multiplicative inverse of a modulo n is an integer x satisfying ax ≡ ...
Twenty-one bamboo strips of the Tsinghua Bamboo Strips, when assembled in the correct order, represent a decimal multiplication table that can be used to multiply numbers (any whole or half integer) up to 99.5. [3] Joseph Dauben of the City University of New York called it "the earliest artefact of a decimal multiplication table in the world". [3]
The group {1, −1} above and the cyclic group of order 3 under ordinary multiplication are both examples of abelian groups, and inspection of the symmetry of their Cayley tables verifies this. In contrast, the smallest non-abelian group, the dihedral group of order 6, does not have a symmetric Cayley table.
The multiplication of the unit trigintaduonions is illustrated in the two tables below. Combined, they form a single 32×32 table with 1024 cells. [11] [5] Below is the trigintaduonion multiplication table for ,.
Graphs of functions commonly used in the analysis of algorithms, showing the number of operations versus input size for each function. The following tables list the computational complexity of various algorithms for common mathematical operations.
multiplication table to scale: Image title: Multiplication table from 1 to 10 drawn to scale with the upper-right half labeled with prime factorisations by CMG Lee. In the SVG file, hover over or click a product to highlight it. Width: 100%: Height: 100%