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Mutation testing involves modifying a program in small ways. [1] Each mutated version is called a mutant and tests detect and reject mutants by causing the behaviour of the original version to differ from the mutant. This is called killing the mutant. Test suites are measured by the percentage of mutants that they kill.
The McDonald–Kreitman test [1] is a statistical test often used by evolutionary and population biologists to detect and measure the amount of adaptive evolution within a species by determining whether adaptive evolution has occurred, and the proportion of substitutions that resulted from positive selection (also known as directional selection).
A germline mutation in the reproductive cells of an individual gives rise to a constitutional mutation in the offspring, that is, a mutation that is present in every cell. A constitutional mutation can also occur very soon after fertilization , or continue from a previous constitutional mutation in a parent. [ 90 ]
Mutations in mitochondrial DNA are inherited from the mother, i.e. they are passed on through the female line. In cases where a mitochondrial mutation has occurred, a patient will carry a mixture of the mutated, damaged DNA, and the normal DNA, in varying proportions in different cells (a phenomenon known as heteroplasmy ); the severity of the ...
Li-Fraumeni syndrome is caused by a gene alteration on the gene TP53. Cancer types associated with a mutation on this gene include breast cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, osteosarcoma (bone cancer), leukemia and brain tumors. In the Cowden syndrome there is a mutation on the PTEN gene, causing potential breast, thyroid or endometrial cancer. [20]
The different types of splicing mutations in genes. Mutations within the splicing regions of genes can lead to a defective transcript and protein. Depending on where exactly the mutation occurs and which "cryptic" splice site near the original site is chosen for splicing, the specific defect in the transcript and protein will vary.
A mutation accumulation (MA) experiment is a genetic experiment in which isolated and inbred lines of organisms (so-called MA lines) are maintained such that the effect of natural selection is minimized, with the aim of quantitatively estimating the rates at which spontaneous mutations (mutations not caused by exogenous mutagens) occur in the studied organism.
Ames test procedure. The Ames test is a widely employed method that uses bacteria to test whether a given chemical can cause mutations in the DNA of the test organism. More formally, it is a biological assay to assess the mutagenic potential of chemical compounds. [1]
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