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This is an abridged version of Teddi Fishman's definition of plagiarism, which proposed five elements characteristic of plagiarism. [57] According to Fishman, plagiarism occurs when someone: Uses words, ideas, or work products; Attributable to another identifiable person or source; Without attributing the work to the source from which it was ...
Copying from a source acknowledged in a well-placed citation, without in-text attribution. Inserting a text—copied word-for-word, or closely paraphrased with very few changes from a copyrighted source—then citing the source in an inline citation after the passage that was copied, without naming the source in the text.
Plagiarism can also mean passing off someone else's words as your own. Even with proper credit, using full passages of another author's work is a copyright violation. Except for very brief quotations that are essential to understanding a topic, copying content from copyrighted sources onto Wikipedia is against policy.
Nation Enterprises, [26] the U.S. Supreme Court held that a news article's quotation of fewer than 400 words from President Ford's 200,000-word memoir was sufficient to make the third fair use factor weigh against the defendants, because the portion taken was the "heart of the work". This use was ultimately found not to be fair.
Coded anti-piracy marks can be added to films to identify the source of illegal copies and shut them down. In 2006, a notable example of using Coded Anti-Piracy marks resulted in a man being arrested [79] for uploading a screener's copy of the movie Flushed Away. Some photocopiers use Machine Identification Code dots for similar purposes.
International Baccalaureate Organisation (IBO) was accused of copying confidential examiner marking guides from Wikipedia [14] Internet Research Agency [15] Benny Johnson [16] Siniša Mali, Serbian Finance Minister, who was found by the University of Belgrade to have plagiarized his Ph.D. thesis [17] John McCain [18] Yana Milev [19]
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Porter: (a) whether copying occurred (as opposed to independent creation), and (b) whether the copying amounts to an "improper appropriation", meaning that enough of the author's protected expression (and not unprotected ideas) was copied to give rise to a "substantial similarity" between the original work and the putative copy.