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Neutropenia is an abnormally low concentration of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in the blood. [4] Neutrophils make up the majority of circulating white blood cells and serve as the primary defense against infections by destroying bacteria, bacterial fragments and immunoglobulin-bound viruses in the blood. [5]
The revised five-factor score is associated with five-year mortality from GPA and is based on these criteria: Age greater than 65 years, cardiac symptoms, gastrointestinal involvement, chronic kidney disease, and the absence of ear, nose, and throat symptoms. [7] With corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide, five-year survival is over 80%. [13]
Lymphocytopenia is commonly caused by a recent infection, such as COVID-19. [3]Lymphocytopenia, but not idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia, is associated with corticosteroid use, infections with HIV and other viral, bacterial, and fungal agents, malnutrition, systemic lupus erythematosus, [4] severe stress, [5] intense or prolonged physical exercise (due to cortisol release), [6] rheumatoid ...
A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow/right), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange/left) – scale bar is 5 μm (false color). The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases.
While women with lupus have higher risk pregnancies, most are successful. [1] Rate of SLE varies between countries from 20 to 70 per 100,000. [2] Women of childbearing age are affected about nine times more often than men. [5] While it most commonly begins between the ages of 15 and 45, a wide range of ages can be affected.
The disease is more common in men than women, [2] [10] although the difference in rates has narrowed over recent decades, probably reflecting earlier increases in female smoking. In the United States, the risk for African Americans is over 50% greater than for whites , but the rates in Africa and East Asia are much lower than those in North ...
[7] [54] A neutropenic fever, also called febrile neutropenia, is a fever in the absence of normal immune system function. [55] Because of the lack of infection-fighting neutrophils, a bacterial infection can spread rapidly; this fever is, therefore, usually considered to require urgent medical attention. [56]
The prevalence of the disease continues to increase, most dramatically in low- and middle-income nations. [18] Rates are similar in women and men, with diabetes being the seventh leading cause of death globally. [19] [20] The global expenditure on diabetes-related healthcare is an estimated US$760 billion a year. [21]