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  2. Ion exchange - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchange

    Ion exchange is a reversible interchange of one species of ion present in an insoluble solid with another of like charge present in a solution surrounding the solid. Ion exchange is used in softening or demineralizing of water, purification of chemicals, and separation of substances.

  3. Dealkalization of water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealkalization_of_water

    Like water softeners, dealkalizers contain ion-exchange resins that are regenerated with a concentrated salt solution - NaCl. In the case of a water softener, the cation exchange resin is exchanging sodium (the Na + ion of NaCl) for hardness minerals such as calcium and magnesium. A dealkalizer contains strong base anion exchange resin that ...

  4. Water softening - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softening

    The most common means for removing water hardness rely on ion-exchange resin or reverse osmosis. Other approaches include precipitation methods, such as fluidized bed pellet softening, [6] and sequestration by the addition of chelating agents. Distillation and reverse osmosis are the most widely used two non-chemical methods of water softening.

  5. Capacitive deionization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitive_deionization

    By inserting two ion exchange membranes, a modified form of CDI is obtained, namely Membrane Capacitive Deionization. [13] This modification improves the CDI cell in several ways: Co-ions do not leave the electrodes during the adsorption phase, as described above (see Ion adsorption in Electrical Double Layers for explanation).

  6. Anion exchange membrane electrolysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anion_exchange_membrane...

    Anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysis is the electrolysis of water that utilises a semipermeable membrane that conducts hydroxide ions (OH −) called an anion exchange membrane. Like a proton-exchange membrane (PEM), the membrane separates the products, provides electrical insulation between electrodes, and conducts ions.

  7. Water purification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification

    Ion-exchange membranes allow only positive ions to migrate from the treated water toward the negative electrode and only negative ions toward the positive electrode. High purity deionised water is produced continuously, similar to ion-exchange treatment. Complete removal of ions from water is possible if the right conditions are met.

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