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A cross-section of a tire. Number 12 indicates the radial ply. Numbers 14 and 16 are bias plies. A radial tire (more properly, a radial-ply tire) is a particular design of vehicular tire. In this design, the cord plies are arranged at 90 degrees to the direction of travel, or radially (from the center of the tire).
Prior to 1964, tires were all made to a 90% aspect ratio. Tire size was specified as the tire width in inches and the diameter in inches – for example, 6.50-15. [29] From 1965 to the early 1970s, tires were made to an 80% aspect ratio. Tire size was again specified by width in inches and diameter in inches.
Increased fuel efficiency and tire mileage overcame the higher price of radial construction. According to a 1976 study, more police departments used steel or fabric radial-ply tires than belted bias-ply and bias or cross-ply tires for their pursuit cars. [15] Goodyear Polyglas tires are now manufactured for owners of period cars. [16]
The word tire is a short form of attire, from the idea that a wheel with a tire is a dressed wheel. [3] [4] Tyre is the oldest spelling, [5] and both tyre and tire were used during the 15th and 16th centuries. During the 17th and 18th centuries, tire became more common in print.
Increasing the aspect ratio will increase the height of the tire and hence the circumference. Off-roading tires may use a different measurement scheme: Tread width × Outside diameter, followed by wheel size (all in inches) – for example 31×10.50R15 (787 mm × 267 mm R380 in metric designation). The size of the wheel, however, is denoted as ...
Tire forces are divided into three axes: radial, lateral, and tangential (or fore-aft). The radial axis runs from the tire center toward the tread, and is the vertical axis running from the roadway through the tire center toward the vehicle. This axis supports the vehicle's weight. The lateral axis runs sideways across the tread.