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Medications to treat the toxic effects include: intravenous fluids, calcium gluconate, glucagon, high dose insulin, vasopressors and lipid emulsion. [1] [2] Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may also be an option. [1] More than ten thousand cases of calcium channel blocker toxicity were reported in the United States in 2010. [2]
10% calcium gluconate solution (given intravenously) is the form of calcium most widely used in the treatment of low blood calcium.This form of calcium is not as well absorbed as calcium lactate, [12] and it only contains 0.93% (93 mg/dL) calcium ion (defined by 1 g weight solute in 100 mL of solution to make 1% solution w/v).
Treatment involves stopping the magnesium a person is getting. [2] Treatment when levels are very high include calcium chloride, intravenous normal saline with furosemide, and hemodialysis. [1] Hypermagnesemia is uncommon. [3] Rates among hospitalized patients in renal failure may be as high as 10%. [2]
Adenosine receptor agonist poisoning Antimuscarinic drugs (e.g. Atropine) Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, nerve agents, some poison mushrooms: Beta blocker: Theophylline: Calcium chloride [7] Calcium channel blocker toxicity, [7] black widow spider bites Calcium gluconate [7] Calcium channel blocker toxicity, [7] hydrofluoric acid burns
Intravenous calcium gluconate (or calcium chloride if a central line is available) and atropine are first-line therapies. If the time of the overdose is known and presentation is within two hours of ingestion , activated charcoal , gastric lavage , and polyethylene glycol may be used to decontaminate the gut.
Initial treatment of exposure involves removing contaminated clothing and washing the affected area with large amount of water over at least 30 minutes. [1] Calcium gluconate cream is then usually applied. [1] If pain continues calcium gluconate can be injected into the affected area or given by injection into a vein or artery. [2]
Treatment with either Hexafluorine or calcium gluconate is required to deal with hydrofluoric acid contamination. Like all of the emergency treatments, Diphoterine solution is not a substitute for professional medical attention, so immediate attention from emergency medical personnel should always be sought, especially if the chemical spill was ...
[19] [20] One of the damaging results of excess calcium in the cytosol is initiating apoptosis through cleaved caspase processing. [20] Another damaging result of excess calcium in the cytosol is the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, a pore in the membranes of mitochondria that opens when the organelles absorb too much ...