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Some programming language researchers and academics use the first meaning alone or in combination with the second as a distinguishing feature of object-oriented programming, while some programming languages that provide lexical closures view encapsulation as a feature of the language orthogonal to object orientation.
Present in the majority of programming languages, serving as the foundation for type systems. Control Structure: Constructs that determine the direction of flow of program execution (e.g., if, while, for, switch). Present in almost all programming languages to control the flow of execution. Subroutine (or Method)
Refactoring is usually motivated by noticing a code smell. [2] For example, the method at hand may be very long, or it may be a near duplicate of another nearby method. Once recognized, such problems can be addressed by refactoring the source code, or transforming it into a new form that behaves the same as before but that no longer "smells".
In computer programming, field encapsulation involves providing methods that can be used to read from or write to the field rather than accessing the field directly. Sometimes these accessor methods are called getX and setX (where X is the field's name), which are also known as mutator methods.
An object-based language is a programming language that provides a construct to encapsulate state and behavior as an object. A language that also supports inheritance or subtyping is classified as object-oriented . [ 1 ]
Some object-based programming languages (e.g. JavaScript, Java, and C#) provide ways to access resources in other ways than according to the rules above including the following: Direct assignment to the instance variables of an object in Java and C#. Direct reflective inspection of the meta-data of an object in Java and C#.