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2. Addiction-related structural neuroplasticity - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction-related...

   Opiates are a class of sedative with the capacity for pain relief. Morphine is an opiate that is commonly used in animal testing of addiction. Opiates stimulate dopamine neurons in the brain indirectly by inhibiting GABA release from modulatory interneurons that synapse onto the dopamine neurons.

3. Opioid use disorder - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_use_disorder

   Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist used for the treatment of opioid addiction. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] It is not as widely used as buprenorphine or methadone for OUD due to low rates of patient acceptance, non-adherence due to daily dosing, and difficulty achieving abstinence from opioids before beginning treatment.

4. Substance dependence - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_dependence

   Substance dependence, also known as drug dependence, is a biopsychological situation whereby an individual's functionality is dependent on the necessitated re-consumption of a psychoactive substance because of an adaptive state that has developed within the individual from psychoactive substance consumption that results in the experience of withdrawal and that necessitates the re-consumption ...

5. Dying To Be Free - The Huffington Post

   projects.huffingtonpost.com/dying-to-be-free...

   The addiction involves genetic predisposition, corrupted brain chemistry, entrenched environmental factors and any number of potential mental-health disorders — it requires urgent medical intervention. According to the medical establishment, medication coupled with counseling is the most effective form of treatment for opioid addiction.

6. Opioid - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid

   The terms 'opioid' and 'opiate' are sometimes used interchangeably, but the term 'opioid' is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors in the brain. [4] Opiates are alkaloid compounds naturally found in the opium poppy plant Papaver somniferum. [5] [6]

7. Opioid withdrawal - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_withdrawal

   Addiction to morphine may also arise due to various adaptations of the neurons, including the desensitization of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) (MOR has less response to stimuli), the impairment of the cell communication of MOR, the changes in brain systems that interact with neurons sensitive to μ-opioid, and the activation of supporting cells ...