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A poll tax, also called a per capita tax, or capitation tax, is a tax that levies a set amount per individual. It is an example of the concept of fixed tax. One of the earliest taxes mentioned in the Bible of a half-shekel per annum from each adult Jew (Ex. 30:11–16) was a form of the poll tax. Poll taxes are administratively cheap because ...
Taxation was a key task in any country as it advances state capacity and accountability. [1] Charles Tilly identifies taxation as a form of extraction that allows the state to execute its primary functions: public policies (education, infrastructures, health care), state making, and protection. [4]
George S. Boutwell was the first Commissioner of Internal Revenue under President Abraham Lincoln.. In July 1862, during the American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln and Congress passed the Revenue Act of 1862, creating the office of commissioner of internal revenue and enacting a temporary income tax to pay war expenses.
Federal income tax rates have been modified frequently. Tax rates were changed in 34 of the 97 years between 1913 and 2010. [157] The rate structure has been graduated since the 1913 act. Total tax revenue (not adjusted for inflation) for the U.S. federal government from 1980 to 2009 compared to the amount of revenue coming from individual ...
Taxation is the most important source of government revenue. [2] Governments can use tax revenue to provide public services such as social security, health care, national defense, and education. Changing the distribution of income and wealth.
Additionally, 30.1% of federal revenue derived from customs duties, also known as tariffs, levied on imported goods from foreign countries. As per the Census data from 1915, revenues from liquor taxes totaled $224 billion, constituting 66.8% of excise tax revenue, while tobacco taxes amounted to $80 billion, making up 23.8% of excise tax revenue.
The Internal Revenue Code is the primary statutory basis of federal tax law in the United States. The Code of Federal Regulations is the Treasury Department's regulatory interpretation of the federal tax laws passed by Congress, which carry the weight of law if the interpretation is reasonable.
Equal proportional sacrifice: The proportional loss of utility as a result of taxation should be equal for all taxpayers; Equal marginal sacrifice: The instantaneous loss of utility (as measured by the derivative of the utility function) as a result of taxation should be equal for all taxpayers. This therefore will entail the least aggregate ...