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Twisted-pair cabling was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1881. [4] By 1900, the entire American telephone network was either twisted pair or open wire with transposition to guard against interference. Today, most of the twisted pairs in the world are outdoor landlines, owned and maintained by telephone companies, used for voice service.
Ethernet over twisted-pair technologies use twisted-pair cables for the physical layer of an Ethernet computer network. They are a subset of all Ethernet physical layers . Early Ethernet used various grades of coaxial cable , but in 1984, StarLAN showed the potential of simple unshielded twisted pair .
10 Mbit/s over copper twisted pair cabling, star topology – evolved into 10BASE-T LattisNet UTP Proprietary (1987) 8P8C 100 m voice-grade 10 Mbit/s over copper twisted pair cabling, star topology – evolved into 10BASE-T 10BASE-T: 802.3i-1990 (14) 8P8C (IEC 60603-7) 100 m Cat-3: Runs over four wires (two twisted pairs).
Different types of network cables, such as coaxial cable, optical fiber cable, and twisted pair cables, are used depending on the network's topology, protocol, and size. The devices can be separated by a few meters (e.g. via Ethernet) or nearly unlimited distances (e.g. via the interconnections of the Internet).
CSMA/CD was used in now-obsolete shared-medium Ethernet variants (10BASE5, 10BASE2), and in the early versions of twisted-pair Ethernet, which used repeater hubs. Modern Ethernet networks, built with switches and full-duplex connections, no longer need to use CSMA/CD, because each Ethernet segment, or collision domain, is now isolated. CSMA/CD ...
10G-EPON and 10GPASS-XR, passive optical networks over coax 802.3bp 2016-06 [2] 1000BASE-T1 – Gigabit Ethernet over a single twisted pair for automotive & industrial environments 802.3bq 2016-06 [3] 25GBASE-T/40GBASE-T Ethernet for four-pair balanced–twisted-pair cabling with two connectors over 30 m distances 802.3br 2016-06
Twisted pair cabling comes in two forms: unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted-pair (STP). ... Another example of a backbone network is the Internet ...
With 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX, separate twisted pairs are used for the two directions of communication. Since twisted pair cables are conventionally wired pin to pin (straight-through) there are two different pinouts used for the medium-dependent interface. These are referred to as MDI and MDI-X (medium-dependent interface crossover).