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Lead perchlorate trihydrate is produced by the reaction of lead(II) oxide, lead carbonate, or lead nitrate by perchloric acid: . Pb(NO 3) 2 + HClO 4 → Pb(ClO 4) 2 + HNO 3. The excess perchloric acid was removed by first heating the solution to 125 °C, then heating it under moist air at 160 °C to remove the perchloric acid by converting the acid to the dihydrate.
The chlorate ion cannot be satisfactorily represented by just one Lewis structure, since all the Cl–O bonds are the same length (1.49 Å in potassium chlorate [1]), and the chlorine atom is hypervalent. Instead, it is often thought of as a hybrid of multiple resonance structures:
Thus while carbon tetrachloride is a stable compound, with lead the oxidation state +2 is favored and PbCl 4 quickly becomes PbCl 2. Indeed, the inert pair effect causes lead to favor its +2 oxidation state: Pb atom loses all its outermost p electrons and ends up with a stable, filled s subshell. [7]
none of the atoms are carbon (inorganic cyclic compounds), [2] or where; both carbon and non-carbon atoms are present (heterocyclic compounds with rings containing both carbon and non-carbon). Common atoms can (as a result of their valences) form varying numbers of bonds, and many common atoms readily form rings.
Although thermodynamically a mild reductant, Fe 2+ ion exhibits a stronger trend to remain coordinated by water molecules to form the corresponding hexa-aquo complex in solution. The high activation energy of the cation binding with perchlorate to form a transient inner sphere complex more favourable to electron transfer considerably hinders ...
The following chart shows the solubility of various ionic compounds in water at 1 atm pressure and room temperature (approx. 25 °C, 298.15 K). "Soluble" means the ionic compound doesn't precipitate, while "slightly soluble" and "insoluble" mean that a solid will precipitate; "slightly soluble" compounds like calcium sulfate may require heat to precipitate.
A basic chloride of lead, PbCl 2 ·Pb(OH) 2, is known as Pattinson's white lead and is used as pigment in white paint. [17] Lead paint is now banned as a health hazard in many countries by the White Lead (Painting) Convention, 1921. PbCl 2 is an intermediate in refining bismuth (Bi) ore.
3 Pb 2 CO 3 (OH) 2 + O 2 → 2 Pb 3 O 4 + 3 CO 2 + 3 H 2 O. In solution, lead(II,IV) oxide can be prepared by reaction of potassium plumbate with lead(II) acetate, yielding yellow insoluble lead(II,IV) oxide monohydrate Pb 3 O 4 ·H 2 O, which can be turned into the anhydrous form by gentle heating: K 2 PbO 3 + 2 Pb(OCOCH 3) 2 + H 2 O → Pb 3 ...