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Purine-rich foods include liver, kidney, and sweetbreads, and certain types of seafood, including anchovies, herring, sardines, mussels, scallops, trout, haddock, mackerel, and tuna. [48] Moderate intake of purine-rich vegetables, however, is not associated with an increased risk of gout. [47]
Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that consists of two rings (pyrimidine and imidazole) fused together. It is water-soluble. Purine also gives its name to the wider class of molecules, purines, which include substituted purines and their tautomers. They are the most widely occurring nitrogen-containing heterocycles in nature. [1]
[25] [26] Specifically, a diet with moderate purine-rich vegetables (e.g., beans, peas, lentils, and spinach) is not associated with gout. [27] Neither is total dietary protein. [26] [27] Alcohol consumption is strongly associated with increased risk, with wine presenting somewhat less of a risk than beer or spirits.
[66] [67] But even though fish roe are generally to be avoided by gout sufferers, [62] [66] kazunoko is listed as containing very low concentrations of purine (<50 mg per 100g). [63] Similar dieteary cautions and recommendations apply to those diagnosed with hyperuricemia , which is considered a preliminary stage towards gout.
Hyperuricaemia or hyperuricemia is an abnormally high level of uric acid in the blood.In the pH conditions of body fluid, uric acid exists largely as urate, the ion form. [1] [2] Serum uric acid concentrations greater than 6 mg/dL for females, 7 mg/dL for males, and 5.5 mg/dL for youth (under 18 years old) are defined as hyperuricemia. [3]
Some airlines also offer children's meals, containing foods that children will enjoy such as baked beans, mini-hamburgers, and hot dogs. Medical diets, including low/high fiber, low fat/cholesterol, diabetic, peanut free, non-lactose, low salt/sodium, low-purine, low-calorie, low-protein, bland (non-spicy), and gluten-free meals.
Intermediate moisture foods (IMF) are shelf-stable products that have water activities of 0.6-0.85, with a moisture content ranging from 15% - 40% and are edible without rehydration. [1] These food products are below the minimum water activity for most bacteria (0.90), but are susceptible to yeast and mold growth.
Beans are high in purines, which are metabolized to uric acid. Uric acid is not a toxin but may promote the development or exacerbation of gout. However, more recent research has questioned this association, finding that moderate intake of purine-rich foods is not associated with an increased risk of gout. [47]