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Williamina Paton Stevens Fleming (15 May 1857 – 21 May 1911) was a pioneering Scottish astronomer, who made significant contributions to the field despite facing gender biases. [1] She was a single mother hired by the director of the Harvard College Observatory to help in the photographic classification of stellar spectra .
Fleming went on to help develop a classification of stars based on their hydrogen content, as well as play a major role in discovering the strange nature of white dwarf stars. [9] Williamina continued her career in astronomy when she was appointed Harvard's Curator of Astronomical Photographs in 1899, also known as Curator of the Photographic ...
Henrietta Swan Leavitt (/ ˈ l ɛ v ɪ t /; July 4, 1868 – December 12, 1921) was an American astronomer. [2] [1] [3] Her discovery of how to effectively measure vast distances to remote galaxies led to a shift in the scale and understanding of the scale and the nature of the universe. [4]
Discovered in 1888 by Scottish astronomer Williamina Fleming, the nebula is a favorite subject for amateur and professional astronomers and has graced the cover of astronomy books for over a century.
Agnes Mary Clerke (1842–1907), British astronomer; Florence Cushman (1860–1940), American astronomer; Williamina Fleming (1857–1911), Scottish/American astronomer [1]: 89 Caroline Herschel (1750–1848), German astronomer active in England; Margaret Lindsay Murray Huggins (1848–1915), British astronomer
Laura Ferrarese, Italian astronomer studying supermassive black holes; Debra Fischer, American astronomer investigating exoplanets; Gabrielle Renaudot Flammarion (1877–1962), French astronomer; Williamina Fleming (1857–1911), Scottish astronomer; Anna Frebel (born 1980), German astronomer
The nebula was discovered by Scottish astronomer Williamina Fleming in 1888 on a photographic plate taken at the Harvard College Observatory. [5] [6] One of the first descriptions was made by E. E. Barnard, describing it as: "Dark mass, diam. 4′, on nebulous strip extending south from ζ Orionis", cataloguing the dark nebula as Barnard 33.
Williamina Fleming classified most of the spectra in this catalogue and was credited with classifying over 10,000 featured stars and discovering 10 novae and more than 200 variable stars. [54] With the help of the Harvard computers , especially Williamina Fleming , the first iteration of the Henry Draper catalogue was devised to replace the ...