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The side effects of toremifene are similar to those of tamoxifen. [5] The most common side effect is hot flashes. [5] Other side effects include sweating, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, vaginal discharge, and vaginal bleeding. [5] [7] In women with bone metastases, hypercalcemia may occur. [5] Toremifene has a small risk of thromboembolic events. [5]
Sivifene (A-007) was initially thought to be a SERM due to its structural similarity to tamoxifen but it was subsequently found not to bind to the estrogen receptor (ER). [8] Tesmilifene (DPPE; YMB-1002, BMS-217380-01) is also structurally related to tamoxifen but similarly does not bind to the ER and is not a SERM. [9] [10]
Adverse effects of tamoxifen include hot flashes and an increase in the risk of developing endometrial cancer compared to women of similar age. [6] [4] Toremifene, a chlorinated tamoxifen derivative developed to avoid hepatic carcinomas, was associated with fewer DNA adducts in the liver than tamoxifen in preclinical studies.
The hospital, which specializes in cancer, cardiology and heart surgery, says that many alternative cancer treatments are unproven and some may even be dangerous, but there are a few that are ...
Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
The International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O) is a domain-specific extension of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems for tumor diseases. This classification is widely used by cancer registries. It is currently in its third revision (ICD-O-3). ICD-10 includes a list of ...