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Plants are often trimmed to obtain the desired shape, and they can be positioned by tying them in place inconspicuously with thread. [38] [39] Most serious aquascapers use aquarium-safe fertilizers, commonly in liquid or tablet form, to help the plants fill out more rapidly. [40] Some aquarium substrates containing laterite also provide ...
Jets of liquid carbon dioxide. Liquid carbon dioxide is the liquid state of carbon dioxide (CO 2), which cannot occur under atmospheric pressure.It can only exist at a pressure above 5.1 atm (5.2 bar; 75 psi), under 31.1 °C (88.0 °F) (temperature of critical point) and above −56.6 °C (−69.9 °F) (temperature of triple point). [1]
Drawing on the experience of Free Air CO 2 Enrichment (FACE) experiments used to investigate the response of terrestrial plant communities to rising atmospheric CO 2 levels, the scientific community has developed an analogous approach, Free Ocean CO 2 Enrichment (FOCE) experiments, for studying marine communities, and to complement a range of ...
A low pH will lead to high levels of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO 2), which can prove toxic to fish. [ 12 ] pH can also be controlled by degassing CO 2 in a packed column or with an aerator, this is necessary in intensive systems especially where oxygenation instead of aeration is used in tanks to maintain O 2 levels.
The symmetry of a carbon dioxide molecule is linear and centrosymmetric at its equilibrium geometry. The length of the carbon–oxygen bond in carbon dioxide is 116.3 pm, noticeably shorter than the roughly 140 pm length of a typical single C–O bond, and shorter than most other C–O multiply bonded functional groups such as carbonyls. [19]
In aquatic plants diffuse boundary layers (DBLs) around submerged leaves and photosynthetic stems vary based on the leaves' thickness, shape and density and are the main factor responsible for the greatly reduced rate of gaseous transport across the leaf/water boundary and therefore greatly inhibit transport of carbon dioxide. [16]