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Identity management theory provides a comprehensive lens through which individuals navigate the intricate process of identity negotiation. The phases of anticipation, interaction, retrospection, adaptation, and termination offer a systematic understanding of how individuals strategically manage their identities in the ever-evolving landscape of ...
Identity negotiation refers to the processes through which people reach agreements regarding "who is who" in their relationships. Once these agreements are reached, people are expected to remain faithful to the identities they have agreed to assume. The process of identity negotiation thus establishes what people can expect of one another.
Face negotiation theory is a theory conceived by Stella Ting-Toomey in 1985, to understand how people from different cultures manage rapport and disagreements. [1] The theory posited " face ", or self-image when communicating with others, [ 1 ] as a universal phenomenon that pervades across cultures.
Cultural contracts first appeared in Communication Quarterly in 1999. Dr. Ronald L. Jackson came up with the original idea while negotiating a deal for a new house. [3] He was fascinated by the general outline of a contract and was interested in identity as a communication researcher, so the process struck a chord with him and made him think about how cultural diversity functions in our society.
Different patterns were also found for interest-based, cognitive-based, and values-based conflicts [5] and between domestic and international negotiations. [6] Turning points are also analyzed in relation to negotiation crises or disruptions in the flow of the talks.
The interrelation between power and knowledge renders every human relationship into a power negotiation, [16] Because power is always present and so produces and constrains the truth. [9] Power is exercised through rules of exclusion (discourses) that determine what subjects people can discuss; when, where, and how a person may speak; and ...
The negotiation process can be influenced by powers including prior existence and supervision, and all parties involved may redefine themselves to fit expectations. Among higher status members, power-claiming and spokesmanship are examples of negotiation processes to gain resources of an organization.
The Mutual Gains Approach (MGA) to negotiation is a process model, based on experimental findings and hundreds of real-world cases, [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] that lays ...