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The magnetic properties of electrical steel are dependent on heat treatment, as increasing the average crystal size decreases the hysteresis loss. Hysteresis loss is determined by a standard Epstein tester and, for common grades of electrical steel, may range from about 2 to 10 watts per kilogram (1 to 5 watts per pound) at 60 Hz and 1.5 tesla ...
The International Standard for the measurement configuration and conditions are defined by the standard IEC 60404-2:2008 Magnetic materials - Part 2: Methods of measurement of the magnetic properties of electrical steel sheet and strip by means of an Epstein frame [1] published by International Electrotechnical Commission.
Mechanical properties are as follows: room temperature microhardness 760–1350 HV; bending strength 4.6–8 GPa, Young's modulus 160–180 GPa, indentation fracture toughness 1.5–2.7 MPa√m. [8] The morphology of cementite plays a critical role in the kinetics of phase transformations in steel.
For a eutectoid steel (0.76% C), between 6 and 10% of austenite, called retained austenite, will remain. The percentage of retained austenite increases from insignificant for less than 0.6% C steel, to 13% retained austenite at 0.95% C and 30–47% retained austenite for a 1.4% carbon steel. A very rapid quench is essential to create martensite.
Non-alloy steels; 00 & 90: Basic steels 0x & 9x: Quality steels 1x: Special steels Alloy steels; 2x: Tool steels 3x: Miscellaneous steels 4x: Stainless and heat resistant steels 5x – 8x: Structural, pressure vessel and engineering steels 08 & 98: Special physical properties 09 & 99: Other purpose steels
IEC 60151 Measurements of the electrical properties of electronic tubes and valves; IEC 60152 Identification by hour numbers of the phase conductors of 3-phase electric systems; IEC 60153 Hollow metallic waveguides; IEC 60154 Flanges for waveguides; IEC 60155 Glow-starters for fluorescent lamps
This means that their inductance and other properties vary with changes in drive current. In linear circuits this is usually considered an unwanted departure from ideal behavior. When AC signals are applied, this nonlinearity can cause the generation of harmonics and intermodulation distortion. To prevent this, the level of signals applied to ...
Fig. 1 A family of AC hysteresis loops for grain-oriented electrical steel (B r denotes remanence and H c is the coercivity).. The default definition of magnetic remanence is the magnetization remaining in zero field after a large magnetic field is applied (enough to achieve saturation). [1]