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Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is a form of tuberculosis caused by bacteria that are resistant to some of the most effective anti-TB drugs. XDR-TB strains have arisen after the mismanagement of individuals with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). Almost one in four people in the world is infected with TB bacteria. [1]
Extensively drug-resistant TB is also resistant to three or more of the six classes of second-line drugs. [155] Totally drug-resistant TB is resistant to all currently used drugs. [ 156 ] It was first observed in 2003 in Italy, [ 157 ] but not widely reported until 2012, [ 156 ] [ 158 ] and has also been found in Iran and India. [ 159 ]
57 countries reported outcomes for patients started on extreme-drug resistant TB, this included 9258 patients. 39% completed treatment successfully, 26% of patients died and treatment failed for 18%. 84% of the extreme drug resistant cohort was made up of only three countries; India, Russian Federation and Ukraine.
As of October 2006, "Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis" (XDR-TB) is defined as MDR-TB that is resistant to quinolones and also to any one of kanamycin, capreomycin, or amikacin. [76] The old case definition of XDR-TB is MDR-TB that is also resistant to three or more of the six classes of second-line drugs. [ 77 ]
Pretomanid is only the third tuberculosis drug to receive approval from the FDA in more than 40 years. [4] [9] The FDA granted pretomanid priority review and orphan drug designations. [4] The FDA granted The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development (TB Alliance) the approval of pretomanid and a tropical disease priority review voucher. [4]
Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis (TDR-TB) is a generic term for tuberculosis strains that are resistant to a wider range of drugs than strains classified as extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis is tuberculosis that is resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin, any fluoroquinolone, and any of the three ...
Recognizing different degrees of MDR in bacteria, the terms extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and pandrug-resistant (PDR) have been introduced. Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) is the non-susceptibility of one bacteria species to all antimicrobial agents except in two or less antimicrobial categories.
An illustrative diagram explaining drug resistance. Drug resistance is the reduction in effectiveness of a medication such as an antimicrobial or an antineoplastic in treating a disease or condition. [1] The term is used in the context of resistance that pathogens or cancers have "acquired", that is, resistance has evolved.