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Egyptian blue, also known as calcium copper silicate (CaCuSi 4 O 10 or CaOCuO(SiO 2) 4 (calcium copper tetrasilicate)) or cuprorivaite, [1] is a pigment that was used in ancient Egypt for thousands of years.
Metal production in the ancient Middle East. The metals of antiquity are the seven metals which humans had identified and found use for in prehistoric times in Africa, Europe and throughout Asia: [1] gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, iron, and mercury.
The inscribed value is of 3 deben, representing a unit of 29 grams (1.0 oz), likely the earliest copper deben. [2] Based on this evidence, it was argued recently that copper and gold deben were used since Early Dynastic Period in ancient Egypt. [3]
In the Old Kingdom (about 2686–2181 BCE), there was an Egyptian colonial town at Buhen, which was also used for copper working.An archaeological investigation in 1962 revealed what was described as an ancient copper factory. [4]
Western Asia has very little tin ore; the few sources that have recently been found are too insignificant to have played a major role during most of ancient history. [4] However, it is possible that they were exploited at the start of the Bronze Age and are responsible for the development of early bronze manufacturing technology.
Egyptian Blue, or cuprorivaite (calcium copper silicate) is a synthetic pigment that contains copper and started being used in ancient Egypt around 3250 BC. [109] The manufacturing process of Egyptian blue was known to the Romans, but by the fourth century AD the pigment fell out of use and the secret to its manufacturing process became lost.
Ancient Egypt is one of the earliest regions in Africa where metallurgy was significantly advanced. Copper was the primary metal used, with evidence of iron production dating back to around 3000–2500 BCE. [4] Egyptian metallurgists mastered various techniques, including casting, forging, and alloying with tin to produce bronze. [5]
Those artifacts include, for example, a bead from the 5th millennium BC found in Iran [2] and spear tips and ornaments from ancient Egypt and Sumer around 4000 BC. [12] These early uses appear to have been largely ceremonial or decorative. Meteoric iron is very rare, and the metal was probably very expensive, perhaps more expensive than gold.