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  2. Observability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observability

    Observability is a measure of how well internal states of a system can be inferred from knowledge of its external outputs. In control theory, the observability and controllability of a linear system are mathematical duals. The concept of observability was introduced by the Hungarian-American engineer Rudolf E. Kálmán for linear dynamic systems.

  3. State-space representation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-space_representation

    The observability and controllability of a system are mathematical duals (i.e., as controllability provides that an input is available that brings any initial state to any desired final state, observability provides that knowing an output trajectory provides enough information to predict the initial state of the system).

  4. State observer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_observer

    In control theory, a state observer, state estimator, or Luenberger observer is a system that provides an estimate of the internal state of a given real system, from measurements of the input and output of the real system. It is typically computer-implemented, and provides the basis of many practical applications.

  5. Control theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory

    Nonlinear control theory – This covers a wider class of systems that do not obey the superposition principle, and applies to more real-world systems because all real control systems are nonlinear. These systems are often governed by nonlinear differential equations. The few mathematical techniques which have been developed to handle them are ...

  6. Observability Gramian - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observability_Gramian

    In control theory, ... Observability in LTI Systems. Linear Time Invariant (LTI) Systems are those systems in which the parameters , , and are ...

  7. Nonlinear system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_system

    In mathematics and science, a nonlinear system (or a non-linear system) is a system in which the change of the output is not proportional to the change of the input. [1] [2] Nonlinear problems are of interest to engineers, biologists, [3] [4] [5] physicists, [6] [7] mathematicians, and many other scientists since most systems are inherently nonlinear in nature. [8]

  8. Controllability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controllability

    The state of a deterministic system, which is the set of values of all the system's state variables (those variables characterized by dynamic equations), completely describes the system at any given time. In particular, no information on the past of a system is needed to help in predicting the future, if the states at the present time are known ...

  9. Arthur J. Krener - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_J._Krener

    Several years later with Hermann, he gave the definitive treatment of controllability and observability for nonlinear systems. [5] This work was later cited by the IEEE Control Systems Society as one of Twenty Five Seminal Papers in Control, published in the twentieth century, which have made a major impact on the field of control.

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