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The Global Restructuring of the Steel Industry: Innovations, Institutions, and Industrial Change London: Routledge, 1999 online version; Etienne, Gilbert. Asian Crucible: The Steel Industry in China and India (1992) *Hasegawa, Harukiyu. The Steel Industry in Japan: A Comparison with Britain 1996 online version; Hoerr, John P.
Steel production (in million tons) by country as of 2023. The steel industry is often considered an indicator of economic progress, because of the critical role played by steel in infrastructural and overall economic development. [65] In 1980, there were more than 500,000 U.S. steelworkers. By 2000, the number of steelworkers had fallen to ...
In 2008, 2009, 2015 and 2016 output fell in the majority of steel-producing countries as a result of the global recession. In 2010 and 2017, it started to rise again. Crude steel production contracted in all regions in 2019 except in Asia and the Middle East. India is the 2nd leading producer of iron and steel industries. [citation needed]
The value of iron and steel produced in 2014 was $113 billion. [2] About 0.3% of the US population is employed by the steel industry. [3] As of 2022, major steel-makers in the United States included Cleveland-Cliffs, Carpenter Technology, Commercial Metals Company, Nucor, Steel Dynamics, and U.S. Steel. [4]
The Steel Crisis: The Economics and Politics of a Declining Industry (1986) Seely, Bruce E., ed The Iron and Steel Industry in the 20th Century (1994) (Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography) Skrabec Jr, Quentin R. The Carnegie Boys: The Lieutenants of Andrew Carnegie that Changed America (McFarland, 2012). Temin, Peter.
Steel is an alloy composed of between 0.2 and 2.0 percent carbon, with the balance being iron. From prehistory through the creation of the blast furnace, iron was produced from iron ore as wrought iron, 99.82–100 percent Fe, and the process of making steel involved adding carbon to iron, usually in a serendipitous manner, in the forge, or via the cementation process.
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The list ranks steelmakers by volume of steel production in millions of tons over time and includes all steelmakers with production over 10 million in 2021. The World Steel Association features a list from its members every year. Due to mergers, year-to-year figures for some producers are not comparable. Not all steel is the same.