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For the code to function as before, a decryption function is added to the code. When the code is executed, this function reads the payload and decrypts it before executing it in turn. Encryption alone is not polymorphism. To gain polymorphic behavior, the encryptor/decryptor pair is mutated with each copy of the code.
A polymorphic engine (sometimes called mutation engine or mutating engine) is a software component that uses polymorphic code to alter the payload while preserving the same functionality. Polymorphic engines are used almost exclusively in malware , with the purpose of being harder for antivirus software to detect.
Cube 2 Engine: C++: 2004 CubeScript Yes 3D Windows, Linux, macOS: Cube 2: Sauerbraten: zlib: Efficient 6-directional height map based geometry (versus traditional Polygon soup model), hence the name Cube, FPS engine Dagor Engine: C++: 2017 Yes 3D Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Linux, macOS: List: BSD: Dark Engine: C++: 1995 No ...
Examples are templates in C++, and generic programming in Fortran and other languages, in conjunction with function overloading (including operator overloading). Code is said to be monomorphised , with specific data types deduced and traced through the call graph , in order to instantiate specific versions of generic functions , and select ...
Since C++ does not support late binding, the virtual table in a C++ object cannot be modified at runtime, which limits the potential set of dispatch targets to a finite set chosen at compile time. Type overloading does not produce dynamic dispatch in C++ as the language considers the types of the message parameters part of the formal message name.
Self-modifying code is also sometimes used by programs that do not want to reveal their presence, such as computer viruses and some shellcodes. Viruses and shellcodes that use self-modifying code mostly do this in combination with polymorphic code. Modifying a piece of running code is also used in certain attacks, such as buffer overflows.
The curiously recurring template pattern (CRTP) is an idiom, originally in C++, in which a class X derives from a class template instantiation using X itself as a template argument. [1] More generally it is known as F-bound polymorphism , and it is a form of F -bounded quantification .
In software development, obfuscation is the practice of creating source or machine code that is intentionally difficult for humans or computers to understand. Similar to obfuscation in natural language, code obfuscation may involve using unnecessarily roundabout ways to write statements.