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The peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is the peak amplitude squared (giving the peak power) divided by the RMS value squared (giving the average power). [1] It is the square of the crest factor. When expressed in decibels , crest factor and PAPR are equivalent, due to the way decibels are calculated for power ratios vs amplitude ratios .
A Band-pass filter showing the centre frequency(Fc), the lower(F1) and upper(F2) cut off frequencies and the bandwidth. The upper and lower cut-off frequencies are defined as the point where the amplitude falls to 3 dB below the peak amplitude. The bandwidth is the distance between the upper and lower cut-off frequencies, and is the range of ...
Audio power is the electrical power transferred from an audio amplifier to a loudspeaker, measured in watts.The electrical power delivered to the loudspeaker, together with its efficiency, determines the sound power generated (with the rest of the electrical power being converted to heat).
A modified version of MUSIC, denoted as Time-Reversal MUSIC (TR-MUSIC) has been recently applied to computational time-reversal imaging. [11] [12] MUSIC algorithm has also been implemented for fast detection of the DTMF frequencies (Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling) in the form of C library - libmusic [13] (including for MATLAB ...
The formant with the lowest frequency is called F 1, the second F 2, the third F 3, and so forth. The fundamental frequency or pitch of the voice is sometimes referred to as F 0, but it is not a formant. Most often the two first formants, F 1 and F 2, are sufficient to identify the vowel. The relationship between the perceived vowel quality and ...
Decibels relative to full scale (dBFS or dB FS) is a unit of measurement for amplitude levels in digital systems, such as pulse-code modulation (PCM), which have a defined maximum peak level. The unit is similar to the units dBov and decibels relative to overload (dBO). [1] The level of 0 dBFS is assigned to the maximum possible digital level. [2]
It can be proven (with the help of a sum-to-product trigonometric identity) that the sum of two unit-amplitude sine waves can be expressed as a carrier wave of frequency f 1 + f 2 / 2 whose amplitude is modulated by an envelope wave of frequency f 1 - f 2 / 2 : [3]
Example: A 16-bit system has 2 16 different possibilities, from 0 – 65,535. The smallest signal without dithering is 1, so the number of different levels is one less, 2 16 − 1. So for a 16-bit digital system, the Dynamic Range is 20·log(2 16 − 1) ≈ 96 dB. Sample accuracy/synchronisation Not as much a specification as an ability.